Round City

Overview

Nestled within the historic embrace of Beihai Park in Beijing, China, lies a captivating sub-spot known as the Round City, or Tuancheng. This unique circular, castle-like structure, despite its modest size, holds centuries of imperial history and cultural significance, offering a glimpse into China's opulent past. Often considered an independent garden within the grander Beihai Park, the Round City measures approximately 4,500 to 4,553 square meters and is encircled by a sturdy wall standing 4.6 to 5 meters high with a circumference of 276 to 277 meters. It is a remarkable example of traditional Chinese imperial garden art, blending architectural splendor with meticulously curated natural elements.

Entering through its gates, like the Clear View Gate to the east, visitors are transported to a tranquil realm of ancient halls, delicate pavilions, serene courtyards, and venerable trees. It is a microcosm of a city, replete with the essential functions, showcasing a unique design philosophy. The Round City's strategic location, positioned west of Beihai Park's south gate and connected by a bridge, also places it between the historical Beihai and Zhonghai lakes.

History & Cultural Background

The origins of the Round City trace back to ancient times, initially forming an islet within the expansive Taiye Lake. Its transformation into an imperial retreat began during the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), specifically between 1163 and 1179, when Emperor Shizong initiated the construction of palaces on this very islet.

Under the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), the islet was further integrated into the imperial garden complex, with additional structures being erected. It was during this period that the renowned Kublai Khan is said to have resided here. The Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) dynasties continued to shape the Round City, adding more buildings and, crucially, constructing the distinctive circular city wall that defines its appearance today. Significant reconstruction was undertaken by Emperor Kangxi in 1669, and Emperor Qianlong further refined its layout in 1764, establishing much of what is seen now. In recognition of its profound historical and cultural value, the Round City was officially listed as a key cultural relic under national protection in 1961.

What Makes It Special

The Round City stands out not only for its unique circular architectural form but also for the treasures it houses. At its heart lies the Chengguang Hall, also known as the Hall of Received Light, a magnificent structure rebuilt in 1746 and crowned with yellow glazed tiles. Inside this hall, visitors can marvel at a 1.5 to 1.6-meter-tall white jade statue of Sakyamuni Buddha. This exquisite statue, a gift from Burma (or Cambodia) to either Empress Dowager Cixi or Emperor Guangxu, bears a subtle but poignant scar—a cut on its arm, inflicted by the Eight-Power Allied Forces during their invasion of Beijing in 1900.

Another unparalleled gem within the Round City is the Jade Urn Pavilion, protecting the 'Dushan Grand Jade Sea' – a massive dark jade wine vessel. Crafted in 1265 during the Yuan Dynasty, this impressive urn, measuring 1.36 to 1.5 meters in diameter and 0.7 meters high, is intricately carved with aquatic motifs like dragons, sea horses, and fish. Legend has it that this very urn once held the wine of Kublai Khan. Its relocation and the pavilion's construction by Emperor Qianlong in 1745, who also inscribed a poem on it, underscore its enduring historical and artistic value.

Stories, Fun Facts & Local Details

The Round City is steeped in fascinating stories that bring its imperial past to life. Imagine the grandeur of Kublai Khan's era, with the jade urn serving wine during royal feasts. The existence of ancient pine trees, some over 800 years old, adds another layer of timelessness. One particular pine was even granted the title of 'marquis' by Emperor Qianlong, a testament to its majestic presence and the shade it provided to the Qing emperor. These trees have silently witnessed centuries of history unfold within these circular walls.

Culturally, the Round City played a symbolic role in the traditional Chinese imperial garden design, embodying one of the mythical 'three immortal mountains' (Yingzhou Mountain) in the legendary 'one pool, three mountains' layout, believed to guarantee immortality. It's a place where myths intertwine with historical facts, creating a rich tapestry of narratives for visitors to uncover. The resilience of the jade Buddha statue, despite its historical damage, also serves as a silent reminder of turbulent times, adding an emotional depth to its beauty.

Visitor Perspective

For the curious traveler, visiting the Round City offers a peaceful and insightful experience. It provides a unique opportunity to step back in time and appreciate the architectural and artistic prowess of ancient China. As a distinct area within Beihai Park, it often requires a separate, nominal ticket fee, making it an accessible addition to your exploration of the larger park. Its location near the south gate of Beihai Park makes it one of the first historical points of interest to encounter.

Wandering through the Round City's tranquil courtyards and examining its historical relics, like the jade Buddha and the magnificent jade urn, can be a profoundly moving experience. The ancient trees provide welcome shade, inviting contemplation. It’s a space that encourages a slower pace, allowing for a deeper connection with the imperial past and the intricate stories embedded within its walls. Be sure to allocate sufficient time to appreciate the details and absorb the atmosphere of this miniature imperial city.