Marble Columns

Overview

Deep beneath the bustling streets of Istanbul, Turkey, lies the ancient and awe-inspiring Basilica Cistern, known in Turkish as Yerebatan Sarnıcı or 'Sunken Palace.' This vast subterranean chamber is a marvel of Byzantine engineering, designed to store water for the Great Palace of Constantinople and surrounding buildings. As you descend into its cool, dimly lit depths, you are immediately enveloped by an atmosphere of profound history and serene beauty. The most striking features within this underground world are its numerous marble columns, rising majestically from a shallow reflective pool of water, creating an 'underground forest' effect. Each of these 336 columns tells a silent story of ancient empires and architectural ingenuity, making the Basilica Cistern a truly unforgettable destination for any curious traveler.

History & Cultural Background

The Basilica Cistern was constructed in the 6th century during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, following the destructive Nika riots of 532 AD. Its primary purpose was to provide a reliable water supply to the imperial palace and nearby structures, particularly during sieges. The cistern gets its name from the Stoa Basilica, a large public square that once stood above it. The sheer scale of its construction is staggering; historical accounts suggest that more than 7,000 laborers, including slaves, were involved in its creation. Many of the 336 columns, each standing nine meters tall, were not new but rather 'spolia' – repurposed from older Roman buildings, temples, and pagan monuments across the empire. This practice of reusing materials was common in Byzantine architecture, contributing to the diverse styles of the column capitals, which include Corinthian, Ionic, and some in the Dorian style. After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the cistern fell into disuse as the Ottomans preferred running water over stagnant reservoirs. It was largely forgotten until the 16th century when French naturalist Petrus Gyllius 'rediscovered' it, noticing locals drawing water from holes in their basement floors.

What Makes It Special

What truly makes the marble columns of the Basilica Cistern special is their remarkable diversity and the stories they embody. Unlike a uniformly built structure, these columns are a fascinating collection of salvaged pieces, each bearing its unique design and history. They are arranged in 12 rows of 28 columns, standing approximately five meters apart. This varied collection, with its mix of ornate and simple capitals, transforms what could be a mere utilitarian structure into an art gallery of ancient stonework. The soft, ambient lighting within the cistern highlights the intricate details of these columns and creates stunning reflections on the shallow water below, adding to the almost dreamlike quality of the space.

Stories, Fun Facts & Local Details

Among the hundreds of columns, two stand out for their mythical significance: the Medusa heads. Located in the northwest corner, these two column bases feature intricately carved Medusa heads. One is positioned sideways, and the other is upside down. The exact origin and reason for their unusual placement remain a mystery, fueling various theories. Some believe they were placed this way to negate Medusa's petrifying gaze, acting as apotropaic symbols to ward off evil spirits. Others suggest they were simply large blocks of stone that fit the structural requirements, or perhaps repurposed from a pagan temple dedicated to Medusa. Regardless of their true purpose, they are among the most photographed and talked-about features of the cistern. Another notable column is the 'Tear Column,' also known as the 'Hen's Eye Column.' This column is adorned with carvings resembling tears or a hen's eye and often appears wet. Legend says it commemorates the thousands of slaves who died during the cistern's construction. Visitors sometimes toss coins into the water at its base, making a wish.

Visitor Perspective

Visiting the Marble Columns of the Basilica Cistern is an immersive experience. As you walk along the raised wooden walkways, the sheer number of columns stretching into the distance evokes a sense of wonder and ancient grandeur. The interplay of light and shadow, combined with the gentle sounds of dripping water and the cool, damp air, creates a unique ambiance that transports you back in time. The opportunity to witness such an ancient feat of engineering, preserved and presented with respect to its historical and mythical elements, is truly captivating. It offers a moment of quiet reflection amidst the vibrant energy of modern Istanbul, allowing travelers to connect with the city's rich past and the ingenious spirit of its builders. Many find themselves pausing to admire the craftsmanship of each column, particularly the enigmatic Medusa heads and the poignant Tear Column, leaving with a profound appreciation for this subterranean wonder.