Kunming Lake

Overview

Kunming Lake, nestled within the magnificent Summer Palace in Beijing, China, is far more than just a body of water; it is the heart and soul of this UNESCO World Heritage site. Covering approximately 2.2 square kilometers, or about three-quarters of the Summer Palace grounds, this expansive artificial lake plays a pivotal role in the garden's iconic landscape, harmoniously complementing the towering Longevity Hill. Its serene waters reflect the intricate pavilions, bridges, and temples that dot its shores and islands, creating a picturesque scene that captivates visitors throughout the seasons.

History & Cultural Background

The origins of Kunming Lake stretch back further than the Qing Dynasty's grand imperial garden. Its history as a water source for Beijing dates back centuries, with sections used as a reservoir during the Yuan Dynasty in the 13th century. The lake's present form largely took shape under the meticulous vision of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, who between 1750 and 1764, undertook a massive expansion project to create the Garden of Clear Ripples, the predecessor to the Summer Palace. Qianlong named the expanded lake 'Kunming Lake', a nod to a historical Kunming Pool where Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once trained his navy, thus infusing the lake with a symbolic martial heritage. The design was famously inspired by the classical beauty of Hangzhou's West Lake, borrowing its aesthetic principles to craft a landscape garden of unparalleled grace.

Tragically, the Summer Palace, including Kunming Lake and its surrounding structures, suffered severe damage during the Anglo-French Allied Forces' invasion in 1860. However, it was extensively rebuilt and renamed the Summer Palace by Empress Dowager Cixi, who used it as a summer retreat and a venue for political activities in the late 19th century. The immense scale and artistic design of the Summer Palace, with Kunming Lake at its core, earned it recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998, lauded as a masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design that blends human artistry with natural beauty.

What Makes It Special

Kunming Lake's special allure lies in its masterful integration into the surrounding landscape, a testament to traditional Chinese garden design philosophy which emphasizes harmony between man-made elements and nature. The excavated earth from deepening the lake was ingeniously used to construct Longevity Hill, creating a breathtaking interplay between water and mountain. Adorning the lake are several iconic structures, including the graceful Seventeen-Arch Bridge, which connects the eastern shore to Nanhu Island. This bridge, stretching 150 meters, is famed for its 17 arches and the 544 intricately carved stone lions, each with a unique expression, that guard its railings.

Nanhu Island itself is a picturesque haven, housing structures like the Hanxu Hall. Another unique lakeside feature is the Marble Boat, a stone pavilion built in 1755, later rebuilt with European architectural elements, symbolizing stability. The meandering West Causeway, lined with willow trees and featuring six distinctive bridges, offers stunning views and pathways across the lake, reminiscent of traditional Chinese ink paintings.

Stories, Fun Facts & Local Details

• The naming of Kunming Lake by Emperor Qianlong was not just aesthetic but also a nod to ancient military prowess, evoking memories of Emperor Wu of Han's naval training on a lake of the same name.
• A famous anecdote involves Empress Dowager Cixi, who reportedly diverted funds intended for the Imperial Navy to reconstruct the Summer Palace, including the Marble Boat, after its destruction in 1860. This tale adds a layer of ironic charm to the stone vessel that cannot sail.
• The Seventeen-Arch Bridge is celebrated for its hundreds of unique stone lions. Visitors often delight in trying to find two identical ones among the 544 sculptures.
• During the winter solstice, the setting sun aligns perfectly with the arches of the Seventeen-Arch Bridge, creating a spectacular 'golden light' effect as the sunlight pierces through all seventeen openings, a truly magical sight for those who witness it.
• In colder winter months, Kunming Lake transforms into a natural ice rink, offering a unique opportunity for locals and visitors alike to slide across its frozen surface in small carts, a stark contrast to its summer tranquility.

Visitor Perspective

For many travelers, a visit to Kunming Lake is an experience of profound serenity and breathtaking beauty. Strolling along its shores offers panoramic views of Longevity Hill, crowned by the Tower of Buddhist Incense, creating a sense of peace and grandeur. Taking a boat ride, whether on a traditional dragon boat or a smaller rental, provides a unique vantage point to appreciate the vastness of the lake and the intricate architecture that frames its edges. The gentle rhythm of the water and the reflections of the imperial buildings immerse one in the tranquil ambiance that once provided solace to emperors and empresses. Given the immense size of the Summer Palace and the lake, comfortable footwear is highly recommended to fully explore its many hidden gems and expansive pathways. Kunming Lake truly offers an escape from the bustling city, allowing one to step back in time and connect with a rich tapestry of Chinese history and natural artistry.