High Altar

Discover the High Altar inside Rome's Pantheon, a sacred focal point within this ancient temple-turned-church in Italy. Explore its rich history and significance.

Overview

Stepping into the Pantheon in Rome is like traversing millennia in a single breath. This architectural marvel, originally an ancient Roman temple, has served continuously for nearly two thousand years, primarily as the Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs (Santa Maria ad Martyres) since the 7th century. Central to its Christian identity and spiritual life is the High Altar, a focal point that draws the eye and anchors the building's sacred atmosphere. It stands as a profound testament to the Pantheon's remarkable transformation from a pagan sanctuary to a cherished Christian church, embodying centuries of devotion and historical change.

History & Cultural Background

The Pantheon's story began as a temple dedicated to all gods, a fact reflected in its Greek name, “Pantheion” (meaning “of all gods”). While its initial construction was commissioned by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa during the reign of Augustus, the magnificent structure we see today was largely rebuilt by Emperor Hadrian, likely dedicated around 126 AD. For centuries, it served as a grand symbol of Roman religious pluralism and imperial power.

A pivotal moment in the Pantheon’s history occurred in 609 AD when the Byzantine Emperor Phocas gifted the building to Pope Boniface IV. This act led to its consecration as a Christian church, dedicated to St. Mary and the Martyrs. This conversion was instrumental in its extraordinary preservation, safeguarding it from the ruin that befell many other ancient Roman structures. The present High Altar and the surrounding apses are later additions, commissioned by Pope Clement XI between 1700 and 1721 and masterfully designed by Alessandro Specchi. Above the High Altar, an invaluable 7th-century Byzantine icon of the Virgin and Child is enshrined, a relic said to have been given by Phocas to Pope Boniface IV upon the Pantheon’s dedication as a place of Christian worship.

What Makes It Special

The High Altar at the Pantheon is uniquely special because it represents the culmination of this building's extraordinary journey. It is a powerful symbol of Christianity's triumph and continuity within a structure originally conceived for polytheistic worship. While the Pantheon's vast dome and oculus speak of ancient Roman engineering, the High Altar grounds it in its living Christian tradition, serving as the central focus for Catholic liturgical ceremonies performed to this day. The placement of the altar opposite the entrance door, in a space once possibly occupied by a statue of Jupiter, emphasizes this profound shift in purpose and spiritual significance. The ancient Byzantine icon of the Virgin and Child further imbues the altar with deep historical and religious importance, bridging centuries of faith and art.

Stories, Fun Facts & Local Details

The High Altar is primarily dedicated to St. Mary, reflecting the Pantheon's identity as the Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs. It's a truly remarkable experience to witness Mass being celebrated at this very altar, often amidst the flow of visitors, highlighting its role as a living place of worship rather than merely a museum. The venerable 7th-century Byzantine icon of the Virgin and Child, sometimes referred to as the “Madonna of St. Luke,” is a fascinating detail, although the one currently displayed is a 17th-century copy. Beyond the altar, the Pantheon holds other significant elements, including the tombs of the Renaissance artist Raphael and several Italian kings, adding layers to its already rich narrative. The continuous use of the Pantheon as a church is often credited as the primary reason for its exceptional state of preservation, an accidental guardian of ancient history.

Visitor Perspective

For visitors, approaching the High Altar offers a moment of reflection within the grandeur of the Pantheon. It is crucial to remember that this is an active place of worship, and respect is paramount. This means observing quietude, especially during ongoing services, and adhering to a modest dress code, typically covering shoulders and knees. Seating is available in the vicinity of the altar, inviting visitors to pause for prayer or simply to absorb the serene beauty and historical weight of the space. While the Pantheon remains a popular destination drawing millions annually, and thus can be crowded, the experience of standing before the High Altar is often a deeply moving one. Since July 2023, there has been an entry fee of €5 for visitors aged 18 and over, so it’s advisable to check the official website for the latest ticket information and operating hours before your visit. The Pantheon generally offers good accessibility, with a ramp at the main entrance and a flat interior floor, making it navigable for many.