Doric Columns

Overview

Perched majestically atop Cape Sounion, at the southernmost tip of the Attica peninsula, stand the iconic Doric columns of the Temple of Poseidon. This ancient marvel, dedicated to the Greek god of the sea, offers more than just breathtaking views of the Aegean; it serves as a profound testament to ancient Greek architectural prowess and spiritual devotion. The temple's striking white marble columns, even in their ruined state, command attention against the endless blue backdrop of sea and sky, inviting visitors to step back in time and feel the weight of history.

These impressive Doric columns are the most prominent surviving features of the sanctuary, which was once a vital landmark for sailors navigating the treacherous waters of the Saronic Gulf. Their sturdy, yet elegant, form embodies the principles of the Doric order: simplicity, strength, and harmonic proportions, all crafted to honor Poseidon, a deity of immense importance to a seafaring nation like ancient Athens.

History & Cultural Background

The Temple of Poseidon visible today was constructed between 444 and 440 BCE, during the Golden Age of Athens, under the statesman Pericles. It was built on the foundations of an older temple made of limestone, which was likely destroyed in 480 BCE by Persian troops during Xerxes I's invasion of Greece.

The choice of Cape Sounion for Poseidon's temple was no accident. Its strategic position, overlooking the Aegean Sea, made it an ideal location for both religious worship and military observation. The temple served as a border post and a critical lookout point for approaching ships, making Poseidon's favor crucial for Athenian naval power and trade.

The temple's construction utilized local white marble from the nearby Agrileza quarries, chosen for its availability and transport convenience to the cliffside. The meticulous craftsmanship involved stacking cylindrical stone blocks, known as drums, and securing them with metal dowels to form the columns.

What Makes It Special

The Doric columns of the Temple of Poseidon are a quintessential example of classical Greek architecture. Unlike the more ornate Ionic or Corinthian styles, the Doric order is characterized by its robust, plain cushion-like capitals and a lack of a column base, with the columns resting directly on the temple's stylobate.

Originally, the temple featured 34 Doric columns arranged in a peripteral layout, with six columns on the short ends and thirteen on each long side. Today, about 15 or 16 of these columns still stand, each approximately 6 meters (20 feet) tall and three feet in diameter at the base.

A distinctive feature of the Sounion columns is their unusual number of 16 vertical flutes, instead of the customary 20 found in most Doric columns. Some scholars suggest this, along with the shafts' straight edges without the typical slight outward curve (entasis), might reflect economic considerations during its construction. However, other sources indicate the subtle bulge of entasis was present to correct optical illusions and make the columns appear straight from a distance.

Stories, Fun Facts & Local Details

The Temple of Poseidon is steeped in rich mythology. One of the most poignant tales associated with Cape Sounion is that of King Aegeus, the legendary king of Athens. According to myth, Aegeus anxiously awaited the return of his son, Theseus, from Crete, where he had gone to slay the Minotaur. Theseus had promised to hoist white sails if victorious, but in his haste, forgot. When Aegeus saw the ship approaching with black sails, he mistakenly believed his son had perished and, in despair, leapt from the cliffs of Sounion into the sea, which was subsequently named the Aegean Sea in his honor.

A more recent, yet famous, detail involves the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. During his Grand Tour in the early 19th century, he visited the Temple of Poseidon and, like many travelers of the time, carved his name into one of the marble columns. This act, while controversial by modern preservation standards, highlights the enduring appeal and inspiration this ancient site has held for centuries.

Visitor Perspective

Visiting the Doric columns of the Temple of Poseidon is an experience that transcends mere sightseeing. As you approach the cape, the white marble columns emerge, gleaming against the deep blue of the sea, serving as a timeless beacon just as they did for ancient sailors. The atmosphere is one of profound peace and awe, especially as the sun begins its descent, casting a golden glow upon the ancient stones.

The panoramic views from the temple's elevated position are simply spectacular, offering an uninterrupted vista across the Aegean Sea. One can almost feel the presence of Poseidon, sensing the power of the winds and waves that inspired its creation. The raw beauty of the natural landscape combined with the austere elegance of the Doric architecture creates a deeply moving and unforgettable impression, connecting you to thousands of years of Greek history and mythology.