Arch of Titus

Overview

Standing majestically on the ancient Via Sacra, at the eastern entrance to the Roman Forum in Rome, Italy, the Arch of Titus is a powerful and enduring symbol of Roman imperial might. This single-bay honorific arch was constructed around 81 CE by Emperor Domitian, shortly after the death of his elder brother, Titus. Its primary purpose was to commemorate Titus's deification, or 'apotheosis,' and his decisive victory in the Jewish War, which culminated in the Sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Crafted from Pentelic marble, with later 19th-century restorations notably using travertine, the Arch measures approximately 15.4 meters (50 feet) in height, 13.5 meters (44 feet) in width, and 4.75 meters (15.5 feet) in depth. It serves as a monumental gateway, inviting visitors to step back in time and explore the heart of ancient Rome.

History & Cultural Background

The Arch of Titus was commissioned by Emperor Domitian to honor his recently deceased brother, Titus, who reigned as emperor from 79 to 81 CE. While Titus's reign was brief, his military achievements were considerable, most notably the successful suppression of the First Jewish-Roman War (66-70 CE). The Arch thus celebrates both a military triumph and the elevation of Titus to divine status after his passing. The most striking historical narratives are etched into the Arch's inner relief panels. These depict the grand triumphal procession that took place in Rome in 71 CE, showcasing Roman soldiers carrying spoils taken from the Temple of Jerusalem, including the iconic seven-branched menorah.

For the victorious Romans, the Arch stood as a proud testament to their imperial power and military prowess. However, for the Jewish people, it became a poignant and painful reminder of the destruction of their Second Temple, the loss of their sacred objects, and the subsequent diaspora. This dual interpretation underscores the Arch's complex cultural legacy, resonating differently across diverse historical perspectives. During the Middle Ages, the Arch was remarkably incorporated into the fortifications of the powerful Frangipani family, altering its original appearance. A significant restoration project was undertaken in the 19th century by architects Raffaele Stern and Giuseppe Valadier between 1817 and 1821, which saw the Arch largely dismantled and reassembled to stabilize its structure.

What Makes It Special

The Arch of Titus holds a significant place not only in Roman history but also in art and architectural history. It is the oldest of the three surviving triumphal arches in Rome, predating the Arches of Septimius Severus and Constantine. Its artistic details are invaluable, as the relief panels provide one of the few contemporary visual records of artifacts from Herod's Temple, offering insights into their appearance and the rituals associated with them.

• Depiction of the Menorah: The relief showing the menorah from the Temple of Jerusalem is particularly famous. This depiction served as inspiration for the emblem of the modern State of Israel, cementing the Arch's unexpected but profound connection to Jewish identity and history.
• Architectural Influence: The Arch's elegantly proportioned design and sculptural program set a precedent for later honorific and triumphal arches. Its influence can be seen in numerous structures built across centuries, most notably inspiring the monumental Arc de Triomphe in Paris.
• Artistic Innovation: The Arch also showcases a notable innovation in Roman art: it is one of the earliest examples where both divinities and human figures are depicted together within the same scene, such as the portrayal of Titus on his quadriga (four-horse chariot) being crowned by the winged figure of Victory.

Stories, Fun Facts & Local Details

The Arch of Titus is rich with compelling narratives and intriguing details. For centuries, a powerful tradition among many Jewish people involved refusing to walk directly under the Arch, viewing it as a symbol of their subjugation and a perpetual reminder of the destruction of Jerusalem. This poignant act of defiance continued until 1846 when Pope Pius IX reportedly discontinued the practice of forcing Rome's Jews to stand by the Arch during papal processions.

The original inscription on the Arch's attic dedicates the monument to the deified Titus by the Roman Senate and People. A second inscription, added during the 19th-century restoration under Pope Pius VII, acknowledges the extensive repair work. While today the marble appears in its natural tones, evidence suggests that parts of the original relief sculptures, particularly the looted Temple treasures, might have been vividly painted, possibly with yellow ochre, to enhance their visual impact. Interestingly, this Arch of Titus is often confused with a larger, truly triumphal arch dedicated to Titus that once stood in the Circus Maximus, of which only scattered fragments now remain. The Arch's architect remains unconfirmed, though some scholars have linked its design to Rabirius, a prominent Roman architect also believed by some to have been involved in the construction of the Colosseum.

Visitor Perspective

Visiting the Arch of Titus offers a tangible connection to pivotal moments in Roman and world history. Situated strategically at the highest point of the Via Sacra, it marks the gateway into the sprawling archaeological site of the Roman Forum. As you approach, you can appreciate its scale and the intricate details of its carvings. Walking beneath its archway allows for an intimate viewing of the famous relief panels. The Arch is an integral part of the larger Parco Archeologico del Colosseo, which includes the Roman Forum and the Palatine Hill. Most visitors explore these sites together, often with a combined ticket, making for a comprehensive journey through Rome's ancient heart. It provides a moment of reflection on the power, conflicts, and enduring legacies that shaped Western civilization, inviting every traveler to ponder the stories carved in its ancient stone.