Arch of Septimius Severus

Explore the Arch of Septimius Severus, a grand triumphal arch in Rome's Roman Forum, commemorating Emperor Severus's Parthian victories. Discover its history, unique features, and powerful ancient stories.

Overview

Standing proudly at the northwestern end of the Roman Forum in Rome, Italy, the Arch of Septimius Severus is a monumental white marble triumphal arch. Dedicated in 203 AD, this impressive structure commemorates the victorious campaigns of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, against the Parthian Empire. Its strategic placement at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, along the ancient Via Sacra, made it a prominent landmark for Roman citizens and visitors alike, marking one of the main entrances into the heart of the Forum. Designed with a large central archway flanked by two smaller ones, the arch is a testament to Roman engineering and artistic prowess, celebrating military triumph and imperial power.

History & Cultural Background

The Arch of Septimius Severus was erected by the Roman Senate to honor Emperor Septimius Severus and his sons for their decisive victories over the Parthians in two military campaigns fought between 194-195 AD and 197-199 AD. These campaigns resulted in the Roman acquisition of Northern Mesopotamia and the sacking of the Parthian capital, Ctesiphon, significantly expanding the Roman Empire's dominion. The arch served as a powerful piece of imperial propaganda, designed to broadcast the emperor's achievements and the glory of the Severan dynasty to all who passed through the Forum.

A fascinating and somber aspect of its history involves the practice of damnatio memoriae. Originally, the arch's inscription prominently featured Septimius Severus and his two sons, Caracalla and Geta. However, after Septimius Severus' death, Caracalla had his brother Geta assassinated in 212 AD. Subsequently, all references to Geta, including his name and image, were systematically removed from public monuments throughout the empire, including this arch. The holes where bronze letters spelling Geta's name once stood are still visible today, a stark reminder of this ancient political act.

What Makes It Special

Crafted primarily from white Proconnesian marble, the Arch of Septimius Severus stands approximately 23 meters (75 feet) high and 25 meters (82 feet) wide, making it one of the tallest arches of the Roman Empire. Its distinctive triple-arch design features a wider central passage, originally intended for wheeled traffic, and two smaller side passages for pedestrians. The archways are supported by strong piers, each adorned with four detached Corinthian columns resting on high pedestals.

The monument is richly decorated with intricate sculptural reliefs that tell the story of the Parthian wars. These narrative panels, found on the attic and above the side arches, depict various stages of the campaigns, including battles, sieges, the surrender of Parthians, and the triumphant return of Roman forces. Above the central arch, winged Victories are carved in the spandrels, carrying trophies, while river deities adorn the spandrels of the smaller arches. The central archway boasts a richly coffered semicircular vault, a detail that was emulated in many later triumphal arches.

Stories, Fun Facts & Local Details

• Beyond its historical significance, the Arch of Septimius Severus carries intriguing details. The emperor himself was Rome's first African Emperor, hailing from Leptis Magna in modern-day Libya.
• Despite the grand arch celebrating his victories, Emperor Septimius Severus was reportedly unable to partake in a triumphal march through it due to suffering from gout!
• Originally, the summit of the arch was crowned with a magnificent bronze sculptural group: Septimius Severus and his sons riding a four-horse chariot (quadriga), accompanied by soldiers. This impressive statuary is now lost but depicted on ancient Roman coins.
• During the Middle Ages, the arch found a unique form of preservation. It was partially incorporated into a church and even used as a fortress, preventing its demolition for building materials. The accumulation of debris over centuries also helped protect its lower portions.
• The narrative reliefs on the arch, although now quite worn by time and pollution, were likely based on paintings sent to the Senate from Mesopotamia to document the war and prepare for the triumph.

Visitor Perspective

As one of the most striking monuments within the Roman Forum, the Arch of Septimius Severus is an essential stop for any visitor. It stands at the northwest entrance, making it one of the first grand structures you encounter upon entering the archaeological area. To explore the arch up close and appreciate its intricate carvings, a valid ticket for the Roman Forum and Colosseum is required.

For the best viewing experience and photographs, consider visiting early in the morning when the sun illuminates the eastern facade and the crowds are typically smaller. From various vantage points, including the nearby Capitoline Hill, you can gain a broader perspective of the arch's imposing presence within the sprawling ruins of the Forum. Engaging with a guided tour can significantly enhance your understanding, as experts can bring to life the stories etched in stone and explain the military and political contexts of this ancient marvel.